Public Enterprises free essay sample

What are the Objectives of Public Enterprises? SOUMYA SINGH In India, public enterprises have been assigned the task of realising the objectives laid down in the Directive Principles of State Policy. Public sector as a whole seeks: (a) to gain control of the commanding heights of the economy, (b) to promote critical development in terms of social gain or strategic value rather than on consideration of profit, and (c) to provide commercial surplus with which to finance further economic development. The main objectives of public enterprises in India are as follows: 1. Economic development: Public enterprises were set up to accelerate the rate of economic growth in a planned manner. These enterprises have created a sound industrial base for rapid industrialisation of the country. They are expected to provide infrastructure facilities for promoting balanced and diversified economic structure of development. 2. Self-reliance: Another aim of public enterprises is to promote self-reliance in strategic sectors of the national economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Enterprises or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For this purpose, public enterprises have been set up in transportation, communication, energy, petro-chemicals, and other key and basic industries. . Development of backward Areas: Several public enterprises were established in backward areas to reduce regional imbalances in development. Balanced development of different parts of the country is necessary for social as well as strategic reasons. 4. Employment generation: Unemployment has become a serious problem in India. Public enterprises seek to offer gainful employment to millions. In order to protect jobs, several sick units in the private sector have been nationalised. 5. Economic surplus: Public enterprises seek to generate and mobilise surplus for reinvestment. These enterprises earn money and mobilise public savings for industrial development. 6. Egalitarian society: An important objective of public enterprises is to prevent concentration of economic power and growth of private monopolies. Public sector helps the Government to enforce social control on trade and industry for ensuring equitable distribution of goods and services. Public enterprises protect and promote small scale industries. 7. Consumer welfare: Public enterprises seek to protect consumers from exploitation and profiteering by ensuring supply of essential commodities at cheaper prices. They aim at stabilising prices. 8. Public utilities: Private sector is guided by profit motive. Therefore, it is reluctant to invest money in public utility services like water supply, gas, electricity, public transport. Therefore, the Government has to assume responsibility for providing such services. 9. Defence: Government has to set up public enterprises for production of defence equipment. Supply of such equipment cannot be entrusted for private sector due to the need for utmost secrecy. 10. Labour welfare: Public enterprises serve as model employers. They ensure welfare and social security of employees. Many public enterprises have developed townships, schools, college and hospitals for their workers. Role and Rationale of Public Enterprises The public sector has been playing a vital role in the economic development of the country. In fact the public sector has come to occupy such an important place in our economy that on its effective performance depends largely the achievement of the countrys economic and social goals. Public sector is considered a powerful engine of economic development and an important instrument of self-reliance. The main contributions of public enterprises to the countrys economy may be described as follows: 1. Filling of gaps: At the time of independence, there existed serious gaps in the industrial structure of the country, particularly in the field of heavy industries. Basic and key industries require huge capital investment, involve considerable risk and suffer from long gestation periods. Private sector concerns do not come forward to establish such industries. Public sector has helped to fill up these gaps. The basic infrastructure required for rapid industrialisation has been built up, through the production of strategic capital goods. The public sector has considerably widened the industrial base of the country and speeded up the pace of industrialisation. 2. Employment: Public sector has created millions of jobs to tackle the unemployment problem in the country. Public sector accounts for about two-third of the total employment in the organised industrial sector in India. By taking over many sick units, the public sector has protected the employment of millions. Public sector has also contributed a lot towards the improvement of working and living conditions of workers by serving as a model employer. 3. Balanced regional development: Private industries tend to concentrate in certain regions while other regions remain backward. Public sector undertakings have located their plants in backward and untraded parts of the country. These areas lacked basic industrial and civic facilities like electricity, water supply, township and manpower. Public enterprises have developed these facilities thereby bringing about complete transformation in the social-economic life of the people in these regions. Steel plants of Bhilai, Rourkela and Durgapur; fertilizer factory at Sindri, machine tool plants in Rajasthan, precision instruments plants in Kerala and Rajasthan, etc. are a few examples of the development of backward regions by the public sector. 4. Optimum utilisation of resources: Public enterprises make better utilisation of scarce resources of the country. They are big in size and able to enjoy the benefits of large scale operations. They help to eliminate wasteful completion and ensure full use of installed capacity. Op timum utilisation of resources results in better and cheaper production. 5. Mobilisation of surplus: The profits earned by public enterprises are reinvested for expansion and diversification. Moreover, public sector concerns like banks and financial nstitutions mobilise scattered public savings thereby helping the process of capital formation in the country. Public enterprises earn considerable foreign exchange through exports. 6. Self reliance: Public enterprises have reduced considerably the need for imports by producing new and better products within the country. These enterprises are also earning considerable amount of foreign exchange through exports. 7. Socialistic pattern of society: Public sector is an instrument for realising social objectives. Public enterprises help to check concentration of wealth and private monopolies. These enterprises can serve as powerful means of economic and social change. 8. Public welfare: Public enterprises help in the establishment of a welfare state in the country. These enterprises supply essential commodities at cheaper rates. A proper balance between demand and supply is created to protect consumers against exploitation by profit hungry businessmen. Public enterprises also protect and promote the interests of workers. Criticism of Public Enterprises [Arguments against Public Enterprises] Public enterprises are opposed on account of weaknesses in their organisation and working. These enterprises generally suffer from the following problems: 1. Delay in completion: Often a very long time is taken in the establishment and completion of public enterprises. Delay in completion leads to increase in the cost of establishment and benefits extracted from them are delayed. 2. Faulty evaluation: Public enterprises are in some cases set upon political considerations. There is no proper evaluation of demand and supply and expected costs and benefits. There are no clear cut objectives and guidelines. In the absence of proper project planning there is under- utilisation of capacity and wastage of national resources. . Heavy overhead costs: Public enterprises often spend huge amounts on providing housing and other amenities to employees. Though such investment is useful for employees but it takes away a large part of capital and the project suffers from financial difficulties. 4. Poor returns: Majority of the public enterprises in India are incurring loss. In some of them the profits earned do not yield a reasonable return on huge investment. Lack of effective financial controls, wasteful expenditure and dogmatic pricing policy result in losses 5. Inefficient management: Due to excessive centralisation of authority and lack of motivation public enterprises are managed inefficiently. High level posts are often occupied by persons lacking necessary expertise but enjoying political support. 6. Political interference: There is frequent interference from politicians and civil servants in the working of public enterprises. Such interference leaves little scope for initiative and freedom of action. Public enterprises enjoy little autonomy and flexibility of operations. 7. Labour problems: In the absence of proper manpower planning public enterprises suffer from over-staffing. Jobs are created to fulfil employment goals of the Government. Guarantee of job in these enterprises encourages trade unions to be militant in pursuing their aims. Growth of Public Enterprises in India At the time of independence, public sector in India was confined mainly to railways, communications, defence production and public utility services. Since then the growth of public enterprises has been very rapid. Now public sector consists of public utilities (e. g. , railways, post and telegraph, etc), manufacturing concerns (e. g. , BHEL, SAIL, etc. ), trading organisations (e. g. STC, MMTC, etc. ), service organisations (e. g. , NIDC, RITES, etc. ). SAIL, a Maharatna Company of Govt. of India, is the worlds leading and Indias largest steel producer with an annual turnover of around Rs. 50,348 crore (FY11-12). It operates and owns 5 integrated steel plants at Rourkela, Bhilai, Durgapur, Bokaro and Burnpur and 3 special steel plants at Salem, Durgapur and Bhadravati. As part of its g lobal ambition the Company is implementing a massive expansion plan involving project work of building/adding new facilites with emphasis on state of the art green technology. List of Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna CPSEs As per available information (as on February, 2013) Maharatna CPSEs Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited Coal India Limited GAIL (India) Limited Indian Oil Corporation Limited NTPC Limited Oil amp; Natural Gas Corporation Limited Steel Authority of India Limited Navratna CPSEs Bharat Electronics Limited Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited National Aluminium Company Limited NMDC Limited Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited Oil India Limited Power Finance Corporation Limited Power Grid Corporation of India Limited Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited Rural Electrification Corporation Limited Shipping Corporation of India Limited Miniratna Category I CPSEs Airports Authority of India Antrix Corporation Limited Balmer Lawrie amp; Co. Limited Bharat Dynamics Limited BEML Limited Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited Bridge amp; Roof Company (India) Limited Central Warehousing Corporation Central Coalfields Limited Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited Cochin Shipyard Limited Container Corporation of India Limited Dredging Corporation of India Limited Engineers India Limited Ennore Port Limited Garden Reach Shipbuilders amp; Engineers Limited Goa Shipyard Limited Hindustan Copper Limited HLL Lifecare Limited Hindustan Newsprint Limited Hindustan Paper Corporation Limited Housing amp; Urban Development Corporation Limited India Tourism Development Corporation Limited Indian Railway Catering amp; Tourism Corporation Limited IRCON International Limited KIOCL Limited Mazagaon Dock Limited Mahanadi Coalfields Limited Manganese Ore (India) Limited Mangalore Refinery amp; Petrochemical Limited Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited MMTC Limited MSTC Limited National Fertilizers Limited National Seeds Corporation Limited NHPC Limited Northern Coalfields Limited Numaligarh Refinery Limited ONGC Videsh Limited Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited Projects amp; Development India Limited Railtel Corporation of India Limited Rashtriya Chemicals amp; Fertilizers Limited RITES Limited SJVN Limited Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited South Eastern Coalfields Limited State Trading Corporation of India Limited Telecommunications Consultants India Limited THDC India Limited Western Coalfields Limited WAPCOS Limited Miniratna Category-II CPSEs Bharat Pumps amp; Compressors Limited Broadcast Engineering Consultants (I) Limited Central Mine Planning amp; Design Institute Limited Ed. CIL (India) Limited Engineering Projects (India) Limited FCI Aravali Gypsum amp; Minerals India Limited Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited HMT (International) Limited HSCC (India) Limited India Trade Promotion Organisation Indian Medicines amp; Pharmaceuticals Corporation Limited M E C O N Limited National Film Development Corporation Limited National Small Industries Corporation Limited P E C Limited Rajasthan Electronics amp; Instruments Limited

The High School Research Paper Game

The High School Research Paper Game High School Research Paper: No Longer a Mystery Nowadays it is extremely difficult to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. Employing a writing service is the perfect method to have a well-written essay to use as a guideline to guarantee the essays you write are hitting each one of the critical points and are at the appropriate depth necessary for your academic grade. Students may put quotation marks around their search terms to acquire results which include the specific wording. There are several things which you must include in a research proposal in order to provide your supervisor an excellent comprehension of the approach that you would like to take in your research. Try to remember, you're not setting out to conduct research to be able to prove a point. Explain how you intend to start conducting your research. 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How to Write a Topic Presentation Paper

How to Write a Topic Presentation PaperIf you want to start up your writing career, you may be wondering how to write a topic presentation paper. Writing this type of paper is one of the most important aspects of an aspiring writer's career. Here are some tips that will help you.First, you need to know what your purpose is in writing the paper. What will you cover in it? What is the primary purpose of writing it? These questions will help you determine how far you can take the paper and where you will want to take it in the future.Second, you will need to have a basic outline of the paper. Think of the topics you would like to cover and put them in order of importance. Once you have your outline, the next step is to develop the subject of the paper. Define what is important about the topic and when it is important.Third, start thinking about the format you would like to use. It is good to have a notebook handy so you can jot down ideas you have in the back of your mind or at the back of your paper. This is how you will generate ideas and draft your topic presentation paper without wasting time.Fourth, it is important to get ideas. You can call on help from a friend or talk to colleagues for ideas. Have someone with you who is experienced with topic presentations to help you create your paper.Fifth, you can still use the material from your previous paper. As you work on this new one, you can look back at it and see what could be done better. You can even adapt the material that you have already used in your previous paper. If you don't want to change the main ideas, this is a good idea.It is an important writing skill and will help you gain recognition in the business world. That is why it is so important that you do it right. Without proper and well-planned preparation, you will just be spending time without producing anything of value. You will be disappointed when your paper gets rejected.

Spanish Rules For Writing in Essay

Spanish Rules For Writing in EssayIf you are working on a Spanish language essay, there are several Spanish rules for writing in the essay that you need to know. A lot of the important information in Spanish is derived from context, so it is important to understand the context of the essay when writing. The following essay writing tips are about the Spanish rules for writing in essay.Knowing the name of the type of essay you are writing is important. You need to have a proper title and the proper type of writing. Do not simply put in the subject of the essay as title. It must have the correct title and then your essay can be titled accordingly. There are many types of writing and some are subject and some are essay.Know what is the theme of the essay. This will help you decide what you are going to write about and how you are going to address the issue. If you are going to write about the money issues, you are likely to use the money metaphor. The best and most often used metaphor in writing about the money issues is the mutual relationship between the consumer and the merchant. This is because both need the relationship and will agree to transact if they feel that they are being treated fairly. In writing about the newspaper industry, you might consider using the concept of the 'in your face' journalism.One of the best and essay writing tips is to ensure that the essay does not read like a TV commercial. You have to make sure that the essay has a theme, since a lot of the words you use in writing the essay are going to determine the essay. Many Spanish rules for writing in essay are about words that you can use, words that you are allowed to use and words that you are not allowed to use. There are many examples of these words in Spanish. You are likely to encounter many of these words when writing in Spanish.If you want to become a good essay writer, you need to write in an article format. You can use the English spelling and grammar in the article and you can also use the example sentences from English grammatical rules. This will make it easier for you to comprehend the Spanish rules for writing in essay. You should write out the paragraphs for each section of the essay, and use the example sentences and grammar you learned in English.You can develop a style for your writing by practice. When you are writing in Spanish, the rule is for you to read what you write. This way, you will develop a habit of reading from right to left and top to bottom. If you do this, you will understand the Spanish rules for writing in essay and you will be able to use that information correctly. When you are practicing, do not do the same sentence twice. Always read through it several times and make sure that it is clear.The essay writing tips above are to make sure that you are using the Spanish rules for writing in essay and not the English ones. This is because the Spanish language is a lot more complex than English and you need to be able to write in Sp anish correctly to be able to make your point. Spanish rules for writing in essay may be a little tricky, but they will be very helpful to you in the long run.

How to Write a Religious Apology Essay Sample

How to Write a Religious Apology Essay SampleI would recommend reading some samples of religious autobiography essays. They can help you become aware of the literary elements that make up a good essay.The first element to be noticed in a religious autobiography essay is consistency. A good essay should include the same examples, ideas, concepts, and terms throughout the whole essay. A good essay will include quotations, quotes from the Bible, passages from Scripture, Biblical stories, etc. The list could go on.A religious autobiography essay will also help you develop your own sense of humor. Just like poetry, poetry that uses real events and people can be used as a literary device.One feature that is usually lacking in religious autobiography essays is the idea of setting a chapter aside to show the reader what is happening in the other chapters of the essay. A good religious autobiography essay can include a chapter summary or postscript, which describes what happens in the rest of the essay. In some cases, an appendix with other writings can also be included.You need to pay attention to the length of the religious autobiography essay sample you read. Not all the sample essays are appropriate for all essays. The essay sample that is the best one for you will need to contain a series of five to seven paragraphs.These paragraphs should generally start with a character's name, followed by a brief description of what the character is like. After the character's introduction, the writer should continue the paragraph by discussing how the character does certain things, how he thinks, and what he says. It is important that the essay is complete. The author should then wrap things up by discussing why the character believes the way he does.Reading the religious autobiography essay sample can be helpful to you in developing your own style. The fact that you should pay attention to detail, including the length of your essay, shows that you have good taste.